The 1103 Paulsen rootstock (1103 P) is a historic benchmark that remains widely used across global vineyards. Its development took place against the backdrop of the post-phylloxera era in the late 19th century—a pivotal time when viticulture had to reinvent itself following the massive devastation of European vineyards. It was bred in Italy by Paulsen as part of intensive research aimed at finding rootstocks suited to diverse soil and climate conditions, but above all resistant to the formidable phylloxera. It originates from a cross between two American Vitis species: Vitis berlandieri and Vitis rupestris, renowned for their complementary qualities in terms of resistance and adaptation to various terroirs.

Rootstock profile

Adaptation to different soil types

1103 P stands out for its excellent adaptation to a wide range of soils. It performs remarkably well in clay-limestone soils, withstanding high levels of active lime (up to 17% with a chlorosis power index of 40). This lime tolerance is a major asset for many wine regions. In addition, it displays outstanding drought resistance, making it invaluable in arid climates or during periods of water stress. Conversely, its tolerance to humidity and waterlogging is more moderate, making it less suitable for overly wet or heavy, compacted soils. Its good resistance to nematodes also makes it a wise choice for infested soils.

Behaviour conferred to the scion

The 1103 P rootstock confers high vigour to the scion. This vigour can be an advantage in poor soils or for low-vigour grape varieties. It has a neutral to slightly delaying effect on scion ripening, which can be beneficial for preserving aromatic freshness and wine balance in warm regions. It ensures a good supply of water and nitrogen, thereby promoting yields while generally maintaining high crop quality when yields are controlled. Graft affinity is good with most grape varieties grown in Bordeaux.

Sensitivities and limitations

Despite its many qualities, 1103 P presents certain sensitivities. Its moderate tolerance to humidity can restrict its use in heavily waterlogged soils where it could suffer from root asphyxiation. In soils with very high active lime content, although resistant, vigilance is required to prevent iron chlorosis, even with its high CPI. The substantial vigour conferred to the scion may require adapted pruning or yield management to prevent overproduction at the expense of quality.

Growing relevance in the face of climate change

Faced with the challenges posed by climate change, 1103 P is gaining renewed relevance. Its very high drought resistance makes it a premier choice for vineyards confronting more frequent and severe water stress episodes. Its neutral to slightly delaying effect on ripening can help maintain a proper acidity/sugar balance in the berries, delaying harvest slightly and avoiding premature ripening. This is why it is viewed as a promising solution for adapting vineyards in Bordeaux and beyond. We regularly use it for interplanting and replacing missing vines across our parcels.

Another historic rootstock, such as the 125 AA rootstock (Kober 125 AA), could also be relevant in certain contexts. The 5 BB rootstock (Kober 5 BB) is another option for specific terroirs. Finally, the SO 4 rootstock (Selection Oppenheim 4) is a solution worth considering for specific terroirs, just like the 5 C rootstock (Teleki 5 C).

At Château Cazebonne, we are committed to preserving and championing the rich heritage of Bordeaux viticulture, notably by exploring rootstocks suited to current challenges. Our approach, supported by wine lovers who purchase our wines in our online shop, enables us to continue this research and development work. To discover more about the history of grape varieties and the vine, feel free to download our book. And to test your knowledge, why not try our wine quizzes?